Africa cruises offer an extraordinary journey through a continent steeped in history, culture, and stunning natural beauty. With over 50 countries to explore, travelers can experience a captivating mix of ancient customs and dynamic modern life. From the Sahara’s iconic deserts in the north to the lush rainforests of Central Africa and the East’s expansive savannas, each region presents its own unique charm and attraction.
Home to some of the world’s most famous landmarks, like the Great Pyramids of Egypt, Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, and the Victoria Falls straddling Zambia and Zimbabwe, Africa is filled with wonders that beckon adventurers from around the globe.
Beyond its breathtaking landscapes, Africa is known for its warm, welcoming cultures and vibrant cities. Countries like South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya offer bustling urban experiences, complete with lively markets, modern architecture, and flourishing arts scenes.
Africa is also home to unmatched wildlife experiences, with renowned national parks and reserves that support iconic species like lions, elephants, giraffes, and rhinos. Safari expeditions in regions like the Serengeti or Maasai Mara provide a rare opportunity to observe these majestic animals in their natural habitats.
An African cruise is a journey through rich cultures, ancient wonders, pristine beaches, and breathtaking wildlife. Africa’s coastline offers a variety of ports that reveal unique histories, stunning landscapes, and vibrant cities.
Cape Town, South Africa
Cape Town is a dynamic port city that sits at the intersection of natural beauty and vibrant urban life. Known for its iconic Table Mountain and the Cape of Good Hope, the city is both a cultural hub and a natural paradise. With a mix of rich history, world-class vineyards, and proximity to unique wildlife, Cape Town is a must-visit destination.
- Discover Robben Island, where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned.
- Hike or take a cable car up Table Mountain for panoramic views.
- Explore the vibrant V&A Waterfront with its shops, restaurants, and aquarium.
- Take a scenic drive to Cape Point, where the Atlantic and Indian Oceans meet.
Mombasa, Kenya
Mombasa offers a blend of Swahili culture and colonial history along the Kenyan coast. Known for its beautiful beaches and coral reefs, Mombasa is also a gateway to Kenya’s famous safari parks. The historic Old Town, with its maze-like streets, reflects the city’s rich heritage influenced by Arab, Portuguese, and British settlers.
- Visit Fort Jesus, a 16th-century Portuguese fort and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Relax on the white sandy beaches of Diani Beach or Nyali Beach.
- Explore Mombasa Marine National Park for snorkeling and diving.
- Stroll through Old Town to see intricate architecture and sample Swahili cuisine.
Alexandria, Egypt
Alexandria is a historical jewel on the Mediterranean coast with ancient roots going back to the time of Alexander the Great. Once home to the legendary Library of Alexandria and the Pharos Lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Alexandria is a city where history meets modernity.
- Explore the Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa, an ancient Roman burial site.
- Visit the modern Bibliotheca Alexandrina, a tribute to the ancient library
- Discover Pompey’s Pillar and the ruins of the Serapeum.
- Stroll along the scenic Corniche and enjoy Mediterranean views.
Dakar, Senegal
Dakar is a bustling West African port with vibrant markets, historic sites, and lively arts and music scenes. As the gateway to Senegal, Dakar offers both natural and cultural attractions, from the tranquil beauty of Gorée Island to the bustling energy of the city center.
- Take a ferry to Gorée Island, a poignant site in the history of the Atlantic slave trade.
- Visit the African Renaissance Monument for panoramic views of Dakar.
- Explore the bustling Sandaga Market for local crafts and textiles.
- Discover the Museum of Black Civilizations for insights into African heritage.
Zanzibar, Tanzania
Known as the “Spice Island,” Zanzibar is a tropical paradise with rich history and cultural diversity. Its mix of Arabic, Indian, and Swahili influences is evident in its architecture, cuisine, and bustling markets. Zanzibar’s pristine beaches and clear waters make it a favorite for beach lovers and adventure seekers alike.
- Wander through Stone Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site filled with winding alleys.
- Visit the Sultan’s Palace Museum for a glimpse into Zanzibar’s royal past.
- Relax on Nungwi Beach, known for its turquoise waters and soft sands.
- Take a spice tour to learn about the island’s rich spice-growing heritage.
Casablanca, Morocco
Casablanca, Morocco’s largest city, is a blend of modernity and tradition. This cosmopolitan port city is known for its French colonial architecture, bustling medinas, and iconic landmarks like the Hassan II Mosque. Casablanca provides a glimpse into Morocco’s unique blend of African, Arabic, and European cultures.
- Marvel at the Hassan II Mosque, one of the largest mosques in the world
- Explore the historic medina and its lively souks (markets).
- Visit the Quartier Habous for traditional Moroccan handicrafts and pastries
- Stroll along the Corniche, a scenic boulevard with cafes and ocean views.
Port Louis, Mauritius
Port Louis, the capital city of Mauritius, is a lively port destination enveloped by lush mountains and pristine waters. Celebrated for its diverse cultures and languages, Port Louis features a fusion of historic landmarks, lively markets, and breathtaking beaches, making it an ideal stop on Africa cruises.
- Visit the Aapravasi Ghat, a UNESCO World Heritage Site tied to the history of indentured labor.
- Discover the colorful Central Market for local produce and handicrafts.
- Explore the waterfront at Le Caudan, with shops, restaurants, and art galleries.
- Take a day trip to the lush Black River Gorges National Park.
Walvis Bay, Namibia
Walvis Bay, a natural deep-water port on Namibia’s western coast, is a key stop for Africa cruises, renowned for its wildlife and breathtaking desert scenery. The town’s salt pans, lagoons, and dunes promise thrilling adventures, while the nearby Namib Desert, with its majestic red sand dunes, offers visitors an unforgettable experience.
- Explore the Walvis Bay Lagoon, a haven for flamingos and pelicans.
- Take a sandboarding or 4×4 tour of the Namib Desert dunes.
- Enjoy kayaking among seals and dolphins in the lagoon.
- Visit Dune 7, one of the highest dunes in the world, for panoramic views.
Maputo, Mozambique
Maputo is a vibrant port city known for its beautiful Portuguese colonial architecture, palm-lined avenues, and lively cultural scene. As the capital of Mozambique, Maputo offers both urban attractions and access to the stunning beaches and islands along the Indian Ocean coast.
- Wander through the colorful Mercado Central, Maputo’s main market.
- Visit the National Art Museum to see Mozambican art and sculpture
- Relax at Catembe Beach, just a short ferry ride from the city center.
- Marvel at the Maputo Train Station, designed by Gustave Eiffel.
Lamu Island, Kenya
Lamu Island, nestled within the Lamu Archipelago, stands as one of East Africa’s most ancient and well-preserved Swahili settlements. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it offers a peaceful port for those on Africa cruises, where visitors can explore narrow streets, enjoy donkey rides, and immerse themselves in the island’s relaxed atmosphere.
- Explore Lamu Old Town with its historic Swahili architecture.
- Visit the Lamu Museum for insights into the island’s culture and history.
- Take a dhow boat ride to explore nearby islands and beaches.
- Relax on Shela Beach, a pristine stretch of white sand.
Africa’s beauty is unmatched, especially for travelers exploring the continent on a cruise. From diverse landscapes to unique wildlife and rich culture, Africa cruises offer something magical at every port. Here, we’ve outlined some of the most thrilling activities you can experience, each one revealing a different side of Africa’s wonder.
Safari Game Drives
Nothing compares to the thrill of a safari game drive. As your vehicle rolls over the African plains, every moment holds the possibility of encountering majestic creatures. Whether it’s witnessing a lion’s stealthy approach, observing a tower of giraffes grazing, or seeing an elephant family marching through the bush, each sight is unforgettable. Game drives take place in iconic locations like the Maasai Mara and the Serengeti, where abundant wildlife and sweeping landscapes define the experience.
Africa cruises offer more than just wildlife encounters; they provide a glimpse into the continent’s diverse ecosystems and the intricate balance of nature. Expert guides share fascinating stories and facts about each animal, enriching the experience with vivid details. Even when wildlife remains elusive, the serene beauty of the African landscape captivates.
- Chance to see the “Big Five”: lions, elephants, rhinos, leopards, and buffalo
- Knowledgeable guides enhance the experience with their expertise
- Gorgeous views of African plains, savannas, and watering holes
- Seasonal highlights like the Great Migration (July – October)
Pyramids and Sphinx Exploration in Egypt
Egypt’s Pyramids and the Sphinx stand as monuments to one of the world’s greatest civilizations. A visit to these wonders is like stepping back into ancient history, where pharaohs ruled and the mysteries of the afterlife were carved in stone. As you walk around these structures, you feel a profound connection to the past, imagining life as it was 4,500 years ago. The sheer size of the pyramids will leave you speechless, while the timeless gaze of the Sphinx is both inspiring and haunting.
Discovering the nearby sites unveils the engineering wonders of ancient Egypt. Immerse yourself in the intricacies of tomb paintings, inscriptions, and hieroglyphics, each narrating its own tale. This exploration into Egypt’s ancient core offers a unique experience, making it essential for Africa cruises.
- Marvel at the Great Pyramid of Giza, the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
- Stand face-to-face with the mystical Sphinx
- Explore tombs and temples rich with history and hieroglyphics
- Take a camel ride around the pyramids for a unique perspective
Victoria Falls Heli-Tour
Victoria Falls is an awe-inspiring sight from the ground, but seeing it from above is something out of a dream. A helicopter tour lets you take in the “Smoke That Thunders” from a bird’s-eye view, capturing the full scale and power of this natural wonder. As you soar above, you’ll see the falls cascading into the Zambezi River below, creating rainbows that dance in the mist.
Embark on an exhilarating journey brimming with excitement and awe. From this vantage point, you’ll witness the stunning landscapes, where rivers, forests, and cliffs paint a mesmerizing picture. An Africa cruises tour over Victoria Falls is more than just a scenic flight; it’s a remarkable adventure that leaves a lasting impression.
- Get the ultimate view of one of the world’s largest waterfalls
- Experience the thrill of flying over powerful cascades and mist
- See rainbows formed by sunlight hitting the falls’ spray
- Capture incredible aerial photos of Victoria Falls and the Zambezi River
Snorkeling and Diving in the Seychelles
Africa cruises provide a gateway to an underwater paradise in the Seychelles. Snorkeling and diving unveil a dynamic realm teeming with coral reefs, exotic fish, and diverse marine life. The warm, transparent waters invite exploration of the vibrant ecosystems thriving around the islands. As you drift over the reefs, you may encounter parrotfish, angelfish, and perhaps a graceful sea turtle.
Diving deeper, you’ll find more marine wonders, including stingrays and the occasional reef shark. Every snorkel or dive feels like a magical escape into another world, where the calm and beauty of the sea is all-encompassing.
- Pristine coral reefs home to vibrant marine life
- Warm, clear waters with excellent visibility
- Opportunities to see sea turtles, stingrays, and reef sharks
- Relaxed, tropical setting that feels like a private paradise
Desert Dune Safari in Namibia
Namibia’s dunes are a world apart. They’re among the highest and oldest in the world, creating an endless sea of red and orange that’s almost surreal. A desert dune safari allows you to experience this otherworldly landscape, with options like 4×4 rides over the sand or even sandboarding down steep slopes. As you navigate the desert, you feel the solitude and vastness of Namibia.
The desert hosts distinctive plants and animals, perfectly adapted to its challenging conditions. Spotting a solitary oryx or springbok elegantly navigating the dunes brings vitality to this barren landscape. An Africa cruise offers an exhilarating expedition through these deserts, providing a serene reflection on the magnificence of nature’s extremes.
- Thrilling 4×4 rides or sandboarding adventures on towering dunes
- Awe-inspiring landscapes with contrasting red sands and blue skies
- Rare chance to see unique desert wildlife like oryx and springbok
- Stunning views and photo opportunities, especially at sunrise or sunset
Gorilla Trekking in Uganda or Rwanda
Gorilla trekking is an encounter like no other. Deep in the forests of Uganda or Rwanda, you trek through lush jungles to observe mountain gorillas in their natural habitat. The trek is challenging, but the reward is indescribable. Seeing a gorilla family interact, from playful young ones to wise silverbacks, is an emotional experience that creates a deep sense of connection to these endangered creatures.
Guides offer insights into gorilla behaviors, transforming the experience into not just a visual journey but an educational one. Africa cruises highlight conservation efforts, emphasizing the delicate beauty of the continent’s wilderness.
- Intimate encounters with endangered mountain gorillas
- Experienced guides lead the trek and share insights into gorilla life
- A physically demanding but incredibly rewarding experience
- Helps fund conservation efforts for these magnificent creatures
Cape Town Wine Tours
The Cape Winelands are a must for any wine lover. Nestled amid lush green hills and rugged mountains, this region is known for producing world-class wines. A wine tour takes you through picturesque vineyards and charming wineries, each offering tastings of wines with unique flavors and character. With every sip, you experience the heart and history of South African winemaking.
Beyond wine, the scenery in the Winelands is absolutely breathtaking. Whether you’re wandering through a vineyard or savoring a gourmet meal paired with wine, exploring the Cape Winelands on Africa cruises offers a feast for the senses.
- Wine tastings at renowned wineries in Stellenbosch and Franschhoek
- Breathtaking vineyard views framed by mountains
- Unique South African varietals like Pinotage and Chenin Blanc
- Opportunities to pair wines with gourmet South African cuisine
Cultural Tour in Ghana
Ghana’s rich culture is full of warmth, rhythm, and history. A cultural tour takes you to historic sites like Elmina Castle and Cape Coast, where you learn about the country’s role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. This history, while somber, is an important part of Ghana’s identity, and visiting these sites offers a moving experience that resonates with people from around the world.
Experience Ghana’s dynamic present through its bustling markets, energetic drumming, and traditional dances. Africa cruises offer a cultural journey that immerses you in both the past and the present, highlighting the resilience and spirit of the Ghanaian people.
- Visit historic sites like Elmina Castle and Cape Coast Castle
- Learn about Ghana’s history and heritage
- Experience lively drumming and traditional dances
- Browse colorful local markets for handmade crafts
Whale Watching in Hermanus, South Africa
Hermanus is renowned for its exceptional whale watching opportunities, particularly during the migration season when southern right whales approach the shoreline. Experiencing these majestic creatures breaching, spouting, and swimming in the coastal waters is truly enchanting. The vision of a mother and calf gracefully navigating the ocean is a memorable highlight of Africa cruises.
Hermanus offers fantastic whale-watching spots from land, making it one of the best places to see whales without needing a boat. However, boat tours provide an even closer look, enhancing this unforgettable experience.
- World-renowned whale-watching location during migration season
- High likelihood of spotting southern right whales and other species
- Accessible whale-watching points from both shore and boat
- Incredible photo opportunities with scenic coastal views
Zanzibar Spice Farm Tour
Zanzibar’s spice farms are a sensory journey into the world of flavors and fragrances. Known as the “Spice Island,” Zanzibar produces cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and many other spices. A guided tour through these lush farms lets you see, smell, and taste the spices that make this island famous. From the scent of cinnamon bark to the taste of fresh cardamom, every moment on a spice tour feels magical.
Beyond the spices, Zanzibar’s farm tours are a lesson in the island’s agricultural traditions. Friendly guides share insights into each spice’s history and uses, making the experience informative and enjoyable.
- Sample fresh spices like cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg
- Learn about Zanzibar’s history as the “Spice Island”
- Experience a unique sensory adventure through smell and taste
- Friendly guides offer insights into spice cultivation and cultural uses
An African cruise is an extraordinary way to explore the continent’s natural wonders, vibrant cultures, and ancient history, but it requires some planning to get the most out of the journey. From understanding the best seasons to pack for diverse climates to knowing how to navigate different currencies, an African cruise vacation is as much about preparation as it is about adventure. Here’s everything you need to know before setting sail on an African cruise.
Choose the Right Season to Cruise
The African continent has diverse climates that can impact your cruise experience. Weather conditions vary widely depending on the regions and time of year, so it’s essential to plan accordingly.
- Southern Africa: The best months are from November to March for the southern coast, while May to October is ideal for safari destinations.
- East Africa: June to October offers cooler, drier weather and the famous Great Migration.
- North Africa: Egypt and Morocco can be scorching in summer, so October to April is recommended.
Know Your Ports of Call
Africa cruises provide a remarkable range of experiences, from bustling city explorations to tranquil beaches and thrilling wildlife safaris. Get to know the destinations on your itinerary, as each port boasts distinct attractions.
- Research local highlights, such as safaris near Mombasa, Kenya, or vineyard tours in Cape Town, South Africa.
- Plan your excursions early since popular tours like gorilla trekking or desert safaris can book up quickly.
- Look into visa requirements for each port, as some countries may require entry visas even if you’re just visiting for a day.
Prepare for Diverse Currencies
Africa’s vastness means you’ll encounter several currencies on your journey. For convenience, bring some U.S. dollars or euros, as they are often accepted at major tourist spots and can easily be exchanged.
- South Africa: Rand (ZAR)
- Kenya & Tanzania: Shilling (KES and TZS)
- Egypt: Egyptian Pound (EGP)
- Morocco: Dirham (MAD)
- Look for currency exchange options onboard or in ports, but plan to carry some local cash for markets, tipping, or smaller purchases.
Health and Safety Precautions
When planning an adventure in Africa, whether you’re exploring bustling cities or embarking on Africa cruises along the scenic coastlines, prioritizing your health is crucial. This is especially true when venturing into more remote areas, where access to medical facilities may be limited. Taking necessary health precautions ensures that you can fully enjoy the diverse landscapes and vibrant cultures without unnecessary concerns. From ensuring you have the right vaccinations to packing a comprehensive first-aid kit, being prepared allows you to immerse yourself in the wonders of Africa with peace of mind.
- Vaccinations: Some countries require vaccines, including yellow fever for certain destinations. Check with your healthcare provider.
- Malaria Prevention: If your cruise includes tropical regions, consider taking antimalarial medication and packing insect repellent.
- Travel Insurance: Consider comprehensive insurance that includes medical evacuation, especially if you plan on adventurous excursions like safaris or diving.
Pack for Varied Climates and Activities
Africa cruises offer a journey through varied climates, ranging from scorching desert landscapes to refreshing coastal areas. Packing wisely is essential to ensure both comfort and readiness.
- For Safari Excursions: Neutral clothing, a wide-brimmed hat, binoculars, and sturdy shoes.
- For Beach Days: Sunscreen, swimwear, light cover-ups, and water shoes.
- For Cultural Sites: Respectful attire (especially in religious or traditional areas), comfortable walking shoes, and a scarf or shawl for modesty.
Understand Cultural Etiquette
Africa is a continent rich in traditions and diverse cultures. A respectful approach to local customs and etiquette will go a long way in enhancing your experience.
- Dress Appropriately: In conservative regions, especially in North Africa, dress modestly to show respect for local customs.
- Learn Basic Phrases: Knowing a few words in Swahili, Arabic, or Zulu can create friendly interactions and show respect for the local language.
- Tipping Customs: Tipping is appreciated in many African countries, especially in the service and tourism sectors. Familiarize yourself with local tipping practices.
Consider Booking Shore Excursions in Advance
Africa cruises offer an incredible opportunity to explore the continent’s most renowned attractions, such as thrilling safari game drives and fascinating gorilla trekking adventures. With these activities often having limited availability due to their popularity, booking shore excursions in advance is highly recommended. By securing your experiences ahead of time, you can ensure that you don’t miss out on the exciting adventures that Africa cruises have to offer. .
- Safari Game Drives: Book early if you plan to go on safari, as spots are often limited and highly sought after.
- Cultural and Historic Tours: For popular sites like Egypt’s pyramids or South Africa’s Robben Island, advance booking can save time and guarantee access.
- Guided Local Experiences: Many African countries offer unique experiences that are best enjoyed with a local guide, such as village tours or spice farm visits.
Stay Connected Safely
Wi-Fi access on Africa cruises can vary, especially in more remote areas. Knowing how to stay connected and secure will keep you connected with loved ones and help with navigation in new places.
- Onboard Wi-Fi: Most ships offer Wi-Fi packages, though they may be limited or costly. Check with your cruise line beforehand.
- Local SIM Cards: For travelers who need regular connectivity, purchasing a local SIM card at ports can be more economical.
- Portable Chargers and Adapters: Many regions have different plug types, so bring a universal adapter and a portable charger for excursions.
Prepare for Wildlife Encounters
Africa’s unique ecosystems offer amazing wildlife encounters both on land and sea, making it a prime destination for nature enthusiasts. Whether you’re embarking on a thrilling safari, enjoying the majestic sight of whales breaching the ocean’s surface, or exploring the vibrant coral reefs teeming with marine life, the continent provides unforgettable experiences. Africa Cruises offer a unique vantage point to explore the diverse coastlines, where travelers can witness the stunning array of wildlife from the comfort of their ship. As you embark on these adventures, it’s essential to approach wildlife with respect, ensuring that these natural wonders are preserved for future generations to enjoy.
- Keep Safe Distance: Observe animals from a respectful distance and follow any guidance from tour operators or guides.
- Capture Memories: Bring a good camera with a zoom lens for safaris and underwater cameras for diving or snorkeling.
- Follow Wildlife Guidelines: Be mindful of the environment by not littering, feeding animals, or making loud noises that may disturb them.
Embrace the Adventure and Keep an Open Mind
Africa cruises provide an incredible array of experiences, showcasing diverse landscapes, unique wildlife, rich traditions, and flavorful cuisine. Embrace the opportunity with an open mind, prepared for adventures that might differ greatly from your usual experiences.
- Sample Local Cuisine: From Moroccan tagines to South African bobotie, African cuisine is varied and flavorful. Be adventurous in your dining choices.
- Engage with Locals: Take time to interact with locals and learn about their way of life, music, and art.
- Be Flexible: Sometimes plans may change due to weather or unexpected events. Embrace the spontaneity that makes travel memorable.
What should I pack for an African cruise?
Packing essentials vary by destination, but you should bring lightweight clothing, sun protection (sunscreen, hats, sunglasses), comfortable walking shoes, and binoculars for wildlife viewing. A warm layer is also useful, especially for cooler mornings or evenings. If you’re going on a safari, choose neutral-colored clothing to avoid startling animals.
Do I need any vaccinations before going on an African cruise?
Yes, some regions in Africa require vaccinations. Yellow fever vaccination is often recommended or required for certain countries, and malaria prophylaxis may be necessary if you’re visiting regions with a risk of malaria. Check with your doctor or travel clinic well in advance to ensure you have the proper vaccinations and medications.
Will I have opportunities to go on a safari?
Absolutely! Many African cruise itineraries include stops in South Africa, Kenya, or Tanzania, which offer excellent safari options. Some cruises offer guided shore excursions for day safaris, while others allow overnight excursions to fully experience iconic national parks like Kruger or the Maasai Mara.
Is it safe to drink tap water in Africa?
In most African countries, it's best to avoid drinking tap water. Stick to bottled water or filtered water provided on your cruise or during excursions. Always ensure that water is sealed and avoid ice cubes unless you know they are made from filtered water.
What kinds of wildlife can I see on an African cruise?
An African cruise offers incredible opportunities to see diverse wildlife. On safari, you may encounter the Big Five (lion, elephant, leopard, buffalo, and rhino). Coastal regions provide sightings of whales, dolphins, and seals in South Africa, while snorkeling or diving excursions in the Seychelles offer views of vibrant marine life such as coral, fish, and sea turtles.
Can I explore ancient sites like the pyramids on an African cruise?
Yes, many cruise lines include stops in Egypt for excursions to the Pyramids of Giza, the Great Sphinx, and other ancient landmarks in Cairo and Luxor. These shore excursions often include guided tours to provide historical context and allow you to explore the impressive structures up close.
Are there activities for families and children on an African cruise?
Yes, most cruises offer family-friendly shore excursions and onboard activities for all ages. Kids can enjoy learning about African wildlife on safari tours, discovering colorful marine life while snorkeling, and experiencing local cultures during guided tours. Be sure to check the specific cruise line’s options for child-friendly activities.
How do I handle currency exchange and payments during an African cruise?
The U.S. dollar is widely accepted in many African tourist areas, but it’s advisable to have some local currency for smaller markets and tips. ATMs are available at most major ports, or you can exchange money onboard or in port cities. Some cruise lines also offer cashless systems for excursions, where charges are billed to your room.
What is the typical duration of an African cruise?
African cruises vary in length but typically range from 10 to 21 days. Shorter itineraries may focus on specific regions, like the Mediterranean and North Africa, while longer cruises cover multiple countries, giving a well-rounded experience of Africa’s landscapes, cultures, and wildlife.
